{"id":99180,"date":"2023-01-09T07:41:10","date_gmt":"2023-01-09T07:41:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/logon.media\/logon_article\/marc-chagall-me-obrazy-jsou-krajinou-me-duse\/"},"modified":"2023-01-09T07:56:24","modified_gmt":"2023-01-09T07:56:24","slug":"marc-chagall-me-obrazy-jsou-krajinou-me-duse","status":"publish","type":"logon_article","link":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/logon_article\/marc-chagall-me-obrazy-jsou-krajinou-me-duse\/","title":{"rendered":"Marc Chagall \u2013 \u201eM\u00e9 obrazy jsou krajinou m\u00e9 du\u0161e\u201c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 d\u00edlo v\u0161estrann\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho b\u011blorusk\u00e9ho um\u011blce Marca Chagalla (1887\u20131985) nep\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 fascinovat. Jasn\u011b to uk\u00e1zala ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 obrovsk\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dast na dvou v\u00fdstav\u00e1ch v\u00a0Nizozemsku v\u011bnovan\u00fdch jeho pr\u00e1ci ve m\u011bstech Doesburg a Uden. Tato trilogie \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017euje prov\u00e1zanost jeho d\u00edla s jeho hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bnou spiritualitou.<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Um\u011bn\u00ed se mi zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt sp\u00ed\u0161e stavem du\u0161e ne\u017e n\u011b\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm. Teorie a technika m\u011b neposunuly ani o krok d\u00e1l, za v\u0161echno vd\u011b\u010d\u00edm \u017eivotu.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mosje Segal, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Marc Chagall, se narodil 7. \u010dervence 1887 v b\u011blorusk\u00e9 vesnici Vitebsk. Jeho ran\u00e1 l\u00e9ta intenzivn\u011b podbarvovalo ortodoxn\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m vyr\u016fstal. Vitebsk byl provin\u010dn\u00ed m\u011bsto s asi 64 000 obyvateli, z nich\u017e 40 000 byli v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b \u017did\u00e9. M\u011bsto bylo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed takzvan\u00e9ho carsk\u00e9ho \u201eghetta\u201c, co\u017e byla oblast rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se od V\u00fdchodn\u00edho mo\u0159e na severu a\u017e po \u010cern\u00e9 mo\u0159e na jihu, a tam byli \u017did\u00e9 nuceni \u017e\u00edt. Kolem roku 1900 tuto oblast ob\u00fdvalo asi 6 milion\u016f \u017did\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem byl Kyjev.<\/p>\n<p>Rodina byla velmi \u017eiv\u00e1 a dosti po\u010detn\u00e1; siln\u00e9 povahy r\u016fzn\u00fdch str\u00fdc\u016f a tet na mlad\u00e9ho Marca hluboce zap\u016fsobily. V r\u00e1mci siln\u00e9ho rodinn\u00e9ho pouta byly v\u017edy bujn\u011b oslavov\u00e1ny \u017eidovsk\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky a ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden se vracej\u00edc\u00ed sabat. Krom\u011b toho se v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00fd judaismus obecn\u011b vyzna\u010doval jistou radost\u00ed a silnou hudebnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>To v\u0161e souviselo s vlivem chasidismu, \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho mezi v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00fdmi \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody, mystick\u00fdm hnut\u00edm obnovy datovan\u00fdm zhruba od roku 1750. Duchovn\u00ed inici\u00e1tor Ba&#8217;al \u0160em Tov (Mistr Bo\u017e\u00edho jm\u00e9na) siln\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148oval nutnost radovat se z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti. Jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edci, chasid\u00e9 (co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201eoddan\u00ed\u201c) vyjad\u0159ovali svou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou zku\u0161enost p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u00edsn\u011bmi a tancem.<\/p>\n<p>Vedle toho existovala v chasidismu rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 tradice vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f, kter\u00e9 jasn\u011b ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee bo\u017esk\u00e9 lze nal\u00e9zt v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>B\u016fh je miluj\u00edc\u00ed dynamika, aktivn\u00ed ve v\u0161em stvo\u0159en\u00e9m<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>je jednou ze st\u011b\u017eejn\u00edch v\u011bt \u201eoddan\u00fdch\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem toho podle chasidismu je, \u017ee na tomto sv\u011bt\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 absolutn\u00ed zlo. Existuje v\u0161ak v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b stup\u0148\u016f dokonalosti.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem je vnit\u0159n\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha. Pozn\u00e1n\u00ed Boha je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fakol \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd nelze uskute\u010dnit bez sebepozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Latentn\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e1 jiskra, p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 v ka\u017ed\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 bytosti, se mus\u00ed znovu st\u00e1t v\u016fd\u010d\u00edm vlivem. Jen tak m\u016f\u017ee lidsk\u00e1 bytost splnit sv\u016fj \u00fakol spolupracovat na bo\u017esk\u00e9m pl\u00e1nu stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zcela v souladu s t\u00edm je \u201eaktivn\u00ed charakter\u201c tohoto \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed obnovy: bo\u017esk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed a\u00a0dokonalost lidsk\u00e9 bytosti se mohou st\u00e1t skute\u010dnost\u00ed pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aktivn\u00edho \u010dinu. Chasidismus je tedy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm praktick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed s vysok\u00fdmi etick\u00fdmi normami.<\/p>\n<p>Chasidismus a gnosticismus maj\u00ed v tomto ohledu podobn\u00e9 vlastnosti. Tak\u00e9 pro gnostiky je \u010dlov\u011bk ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b bo\u017esk\u00e1 bytost zachycen\u00e1 v pozemsk\u00e9 hmot\u011b. Spasen\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 pouze d\u00edky prav\u00e9mu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed (Gnose) Boha a sebe sama. V \u201ezajat\u00e9\u201c lidsk\u00e9 bytosti z\u016fstala nepatrn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dka Boha. Podle Chagalla je \u00fakolem um\u011blce vysledovat toto bo\u017esk\u00e9 j\u00e1dro a znovu ho spojit s jeho p\u016fvodem. Proto se Chagall vid\u00ed jako apo\u0161tol, jako posel nebes.<\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, Ba&#8217;al \u0160em Tov nebyl jedin\u00fdm v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00fdm \u201ezdrojem\u201c chasidismu. Existuj\u00ed n\u00e1znaky, \u017ee existovaly spojnice s h\u00e9sychasmem \u2013 mystickou v\u011btv\u00ed Bogomil\u016f \u2013 a se s\u00fafismem. Chagall byl siln\u011b \u017eiven \u017eidovsk\u00fdm mystick\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Kdybych nebyl \u017did, nikdy bych se nestal um\u011blcem.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem t\u00e9to mystiky je pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed, vn\u00edmateln\u00e1 realita je nesena realitou nevn\u00edmatelnou, jakousi \u201eesenc\u00ed\u201c. \u010clov\u011bk v\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed o t\u011bchto dvou sv\u011btech, a\u00a0proto m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 mo\u017enost vyj\u00e1d\u0159it tento sv\u011bt esence ve viditeln\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p>To se d\u011blo tak\u00e9 v okol\u00ed, kde Chagall vyr\u016fstal. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd rodinn\u00fd \u017eivot, strukturovan\u00fd \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00edmi pravidly, slavnosti a stovky legend, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f a anekdot se vryly do jeho byt\u00ed a objevily se v\u00a0mnoha jeho d\u00edlech.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1hodn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je obraz \u201eHouslista\u201c z roku 1911 (v majetku M\u011bstsk\u00e9ho muzea v Amsterdamu), na kter\u00e9m Chagall ztv\u00e1rnil sv\u00e9ho str\u00fdce, bratra sv\u00e9 matky, jak hraje na housle.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 komick\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra jeho d\u00edla z roku 1910 \u201e\u017didovsk\u00e1 svatba\u201c sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o intenzit\u011b jeho milostn\u00fdch z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f z ml\u00e1d\u00ed ve Vitebsku.<\/p>\n<p>Byl to Chagall\u016fv nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podn\u011bt k tomu, aby se otev\u0159el<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>pozitivn\u00ed s\u00edle, kter\u00e1 se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 v jeho um\u011bn\u00ed,<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Ruud Bartlema, znalec Chagalla.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Pro Chagalla je l\u00e1ska jedin\u00fdm faktorem, kter\u00fd d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017eivotu a um\u011bn\u00ed smysl.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Chagall z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 stipendium, odj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed do Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a p\u0159ipojuje se k modern\u00edmu um\u011bn\u00ed. V\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 si, jak C\u00e9zanne \u201erozsek\u00e1v\u00e1\u201c realitu v geometrick\u00fdch rovin\u00e1ch a jak ji Henri Matisse pod\u00e1v\u00e1 v okouzluj\u00edc\u00edch barv\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Sp\u0159\u00e1tel\u00ed se s b\u00e1sn\u00edkem Guillaumem Apollinairem. Ji\u017e o rok pozd\u011bji v roce 1914 m\u00e1 svou prvn\u00ed samostatnou v\u00fdstavu v Berl\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Odtud se vrac\u00ed do Vitebska, aby se o\u017eenil se svou milovanou Bellou Rosenfeldovou. Spole\u010dn\u011b se cht\u011bj\u00ed vr\u00e1tit do Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Kv\u016fli vypuknut\u00ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky to v\u0161ak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9. Je nucen z\u016fstat ve Vitebsku a\u00a0mus\u00ed opustit svou pr\u00e1ci v Berl\u00edn\u011b a v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. N\u00e1sleduje dev\u011bt bou\u0159liv\u00fdch let, ne\u017e se v l\u00e9t\u011b 1915 o\u017een\u00ed s\u00a0Bellou. V roce 1916 se jim narodila dcera Ida. Je jmenov\u00e1n \u0159editelem Lidov\u00e9 \u0161koly um\u011bn\u00ed a \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 o\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ci kolegy \u2013 mal\u00ed\u0159e Kazimira Malevi\u010de a El Lisick\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1920 Chagall opou\u0161t\u00ed akademii kv\u016fli konflikt\u016fm s Malevi\u010dem. Malevi\u010dovo abstraktn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed se st\u0159et\u00e1v\u00e1 s figurativn\u00edm sv\u011btem Chagalla.<\/p>\n<p>St\u011bhuje se do Moskvy, pracuje pro divadlo a pot\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 pr\u00e1ci v Mala\u010dkov\u011b, sirot\u010dinci pro \u017eidovsk\u00e9 d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 ztratily rodi\u010de v chaosu rusk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch pogrom\u016f. Chagall s velkou l\u00e1skou a nasazen\u00edm tyto d\u011bti vyu\u010duje, po um\u011bleck\u00e9 str\u00e1nce m\u00e1 v\u0161ak pocit, \u017ee v Rusku ztratil p\u016fdu pod nohama.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v <a href=\"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/logon_article\/chagall-a-bible\/\">\u010d\u00e1sti 2<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":923,"featured_media":97103,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"tags":[],"category_":[110061],"tags_english_":[],"class_list":["post-99180","logon_article","type-logon_article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category_-art-cs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/logon_article\/99180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/logon_article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/logon_article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/923"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/97103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=99180"},{"taxonomy":"category_","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category_?post=99180"},{"taxonomy":"tags_english_","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logon.media\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags_english_?post=99180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}